Rabu, 01 Agustus 2012

People Liberation Army Of RRC


Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat
  中国人民解放军  
Cina Emblem PLA.svg
Lambang dari Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat
Didirikan 1 Agustus 1927
Layanan cabang Angkatan Darat Bendera Republik Rakyat China.svg PLA Angkatan Darat

Naval Ensign dari Republik Rakyat China.svg PLA Angkatan Laut

Angkatan Udara Bendera Republik Rakyat China.svg PLA Air Force

Kedua Artileri Corps
Kepemimpinan
Ketua dari Komisi Militer Pusat Hu Jintao
Menteri Pertahanan Nasional Umum Liang Guanglie
Kepala Staf Umum PLA Jenderal Chen Bingde
Tenaga kerja
Militer usia 18-49
Wajib militer Tidak ada ditegakkan
Tersedia untuk
milisi
385.821.101 laki-laki, usia 16-49 (2010 est),
363.789.674 wanita, usia 16-49 (2010 est)
Layak untuk
milisi
318.265.016 laki-laki, usia 16-49 (2010 est),
300.323.611 wanita, usia 16-49 (2010 est)
Mencapai militer
usia setiap tahun
10.406.544 laki-laki (2010 est),
9.131.990 betina (2010 est)
Aktif personil sekitar 2.285.000 [1] [2] ( peringkat 1 )
Cadangan personil 800.000 [1] [2]
Dikerahkan personil Luar Negeri: ~ 300 anti-bajak laut personil di Somalia [1]
Paramiliter: sekitar 1.500.000 [1] [2] [3]
Total: 4.585.000 ~ [1] [2] ( peringkat 6 )
Pengeluaran
Anggaran US $ 106.400.000.000 (2012) [4] ( peringkat 2 )
Persen dari PDB 1,3% (2011 est)
Industri
Domestik pemasok Norinco
Aviation Industry Corporation of China
Poli Teknologi
Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation
Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
Batin-Mongolia Pertama Mesin Group Perseroan Terbatas
Xian Aircraft Industrial Corporation
Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation
Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Sichuan Lantian Helikopter Perseroan Terbatas
Harbin Pertama Mesin Gedung Group Ltd
Hongdu Aviation Industry Group
China National Aero-Technology Impor & Ekspor Corporation
Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
Jiangnan Shipyard
China Negara Shipbuilding Corporation
China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation [5]
Pemasok asing Rusia [6]
Tahunan impor Rusia
Tahunan ekspor Pakistan, Venezuela, Iran, Indonesia, Kamboja
Artikel terkait
Sejarah Sejarah PLA
Modernisasi PLA
Peringkat Tentara
Angkatan laut
Angkatan Udara
[hide] Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat
Tradisional Cina 中国人民解放军
Cina Sederhana 中国人民解放军
Arti harfiah Orang Cina Tentara Pembebasan
Para Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat (PLA; disederhanakan Cina : 中国人民解放军; tradisional Cina : 中国人民解放军; Pinyin : Zhongguo Renmin Jiěfàngjūn) adalah terpadu militer organisasi dari semua tanah , laut , rudal strategis dan angkatan udara dari Republik Rakyat Cina . PLA didirikan pada tanggal 1 Agustus 1927 - dirayakan setiap tahun sebagai " Hari PLA "- sebagai militer lengan dari Partai Komunis Cina (BPK). Pembebasan Rakyat Angkatan Darat lambang terdiri dari roundel dengan bintang merah bertuliskan karakter Cina untuk "Delapan Satu", merujuk hingga Agustus 1 ( Cina : 八一), tanggal 1927 Pemberontakan Nanchang .
PLA adalah kekuatan militer terbesar di dunia, dengan sekitar 3 juta anggota, dan memiliki terbesar di dunia (aktif) berdiri tentara , dengan sekitar 2,25 juta anggota. PLA terdiri dari lima cabang layanan utama, yang terdiri dari tanah PLA Angkatan , Angkatan Laut PLA (PLAN), PLA Air Force (PLAAF), Kedua Artileri Corps (gaya rudal strategis), dan PLA Force Reserve .
Layanan Militer adalah wajib, secara teori, untuk semua pria yang mencapai usia 18, wanita dapat mendaftar untuk bertugas dalam layanan teknis medis, kedokteran hewan, dan pada usia semuda 14. Namun, konsep di Cina tidak pernah diberlakukan karena sejumlah besar relawan dari populasi besar Cina. didemobilisasi prajurit dicatat di siap cadangan , yang diperkuat oleh cadangan siaga veteran dan oleh milisi.
PLA adalah resmi di bawah komando dari Komisi Militer Pusat dari BPK, ada juga sebuah komisi identik dalam pemerintahan, tetapi tidak memiliki fungsi independen jelas. Para Departemen Pertahanan Nasional , yang beroperasi di bawah Dewan Negara , tidak melaksanakan segala kewenangan atas PLA dan jauh lebih kuat dari Komisi Militer Pusat (CMC). Kementerian menjamin kontrol terus BPK atas angkatan bersenjata, dan peran utamanya adalah bahwa dari sebuah kantor penghubung dengan militer asing. Kepemimpinan politik dan militer telah membuat upaya bersama untuk menciptakan kekuatan militer profesional dibatasi untuk pertahanan nasional dan untuk pemberian bantuan di dalam negeri pembangunan ekonomi dan bantuan darurat . Konsepsi tentang peran PLA membutuhkan promosi khusus petugas yang dapat memahami persenjataan modern dan menangani gabungan lengan operasi. Pasukan di seluruh negeri ditempatkan di tujuh daerah militer dan lebih dari 20 distrik militer .
Ketua Hu Jintao telah mendefinisikan misi PLA sebagai: [7]
  • Mengkonsolidasikan status berkuasa Partai Komunis
  • Membantu memastikan kedaulatan China, integritas teritorial, dan keamanan dalam negeri untuk melanjutkan pembangunan nasional
  • Melindungi kepentingan memperluas nasional Cina

Isi

Sejarah

Rakyat Tentara Pembebasan didirikan pada 1 Agustus 1927 selama Pemberontakan Nanchang ketika pasukan Kuomintang (KMT) memberontak di bawah pimpinan Zhu De , He Long , Ye Jianying dan Zhou Enlai tak lama setelah akhir dari aliansi Kuomintang-Komunis pertama. Mereka kemudian dikenal sebagai Tentara Merah Cina ( Cina disederhanakan : 红军; tradisional Cina : 红军; pinyin : Hongjun). Antara 1934 dan 1935, Tentara Merah bertahan beberapa kampanye yang dipimpin menentangnya oleh Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek dan terlibat dalam Long March .
Vintage propaganda Cina poster, menunjukkan PLA. Keterangan berbunyi, "Seorang Tentara Rakyat adalah Invincible". Prajurit di atas ditampilkan untuk memegang salinan Kutipan dari Ketua Mao Zedong .
Selama Perang Sino-Jepang Kedua 1937-1945, pasukan militer komunis nominal diintegrasikan ke dalam Tentara Revolusioner Nasional dari Republik Cina membentuk Tentara Rute Kedelapan dan Tentara Baru Keempat unit. Selama ini, kedua kelompok militer terutama digunakan perang gerilya , berjuang beberapa pertempuran dengan Jepang sementara mengkonsolidasikan tanah mereka dengan mencaplok pasukan nasionalis dan pasukan paramiliter di garis belakang Jepang.
Setelah akhir Perang Sino-Jepang, Partai Komunis menggabungkan dua kelompok militer dan berganti nama menjadi kekuatan multi-juta kuat "Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat" dan akhirnya memenangkan Perang Saudara Cina . Sejumlah daerah militer didirikan pada tahun 1949. Pada tanggal 11 November 1949, Angkatan Udara struktur kepemimpinan didirikan dan pimpinan Angkatan Laut bulan April berikutnya. Pada tahun 1950, struktur kepemimpinan dari artileri, pasukan lapis baja, pasukan pertahanan udara, pasukan keamanan publik, dan pekerja-tentara milisi juga didirikan. Pasukan kimia pertahanan perang, pasukan kereta api, kekuatan komunikasi, dan artileri kedua, serta kekuatan lain, didirikan kemudian.
Selama tahun 1950, PLA dengan bantuan Soviet mengubah dirinya dari suatu tentara kaum tani menjadi modern. [8] Bagian dari proses ini adalah reorganisasi yang menciptakan daerah militer tiga belas pada tahun 1955. PLA juga berisi banyak Tentara Nasional Revolusioner unit dan Jenderal yang membelot ke PLA. Ma Hongbin dan putranya Ma Dunjing (1906-1972) adalah dua jendral Muslim yang memimpin unit Muslim, korps ke-81 yang pernah melayani di PLA. Han Youwen , seorang Muslim Salar Umum, juga membelot ke PLA. Pada bulan November 1950, TPR atau Tentara Relawan Rakyat campur dalam Perang Korea sebagai PBB pasukan di bawah Jenderal Douglas MacArthur mendekati Sungai Yalu . Bawah beban ini, pasukan ofensif Cina melaju pasukan MacArthur dari Korea Utara dan ditangkap Seoul , tetapi yang kemudian mendorong kembali ke garis tepat di utara Paralel ke-38 . Perang yang juga menjabat sebagai katalis untuk modernisasi yang cepat dari PLAAF . Pada tahun 1962, PLA juga berjuang India dalam Perang Sino-India berhasil menetralkan pertahanan India dan mencapai semua tujuan.
Sebelum Revolusi Kebudayaan , komandan wilayah militer cenderung tetap di pos untuk waktu yang lama. Sebagai PLA mengambil peran lebih kuat dalam politik, ini mulai terlihat sebagai sesuatu yang mengancam pihak (atau, setidaknya, sipil) kontrol pistol. Yang paling lama menjabat komandan wilayah militer Xu Shiyou di Daerah Militer Nanjing (1954-1974), Yang Dezhi di Daerah Militer Jinan (1958-1974), Chen Xilian di Daerah Militer Shenyang (1959-1973), dan Han Xianchu di yang Fuzhou Militer Daerah (1960-1974).
Pembentukan kekuatan militer profesional dilengkapi dengan senjata modern dan doktrin adalah yang terakhir dari Empat Modernisasi diumumkan oleh Zhou Enlai dan didukung oleh Deng Xiaoping . Sesuai dengan mandat Deng untuk reformasi, PLA didemobilisasi jutaan pria dan wanita sejak tahun 1978 dan telah memperkenalkan metode modern di berbagai bidang seperti perekrutan dan tenaga kerja, strategi , dan pendidikan dan pelatihan . Pada tahun 1979, PLA berjuang Vietnam selama pertempuran perbatasan di Perang Sino-Vietnam di mana ia dilaporkan oleh media Barat bahwa China kehilangan lebih dari 20.000 tentara. Kedua belah pihak mengklaim kemenangan.
Selama perpecahan Tiongkok-Soviet, tegang hubungan antara Cina dan Soviet Rusia mengakibatkan bentrokan perbatasan berdarah dan dukungan saling musuh lawan. Cina dan Afghanistan memiliki hubungan netral dengan satu sama lain selama pemerintahan Raja. Ketika Komunis pro Afghanistan Soviet merebut kekuasaan di Afghanistan pada tahun 1978, hubungan antara China dan komunis Afghanistan dengan cepat berubah bermusuhan. Pro Afghanistan Soviet komunis didukung musuh China di Vietnam dan menyalahkan Cina karena mendukung militan Afghanistan anti komunis. Cina menanggapi invasi Soviet ke Afghanistan dengan mendukung Mujahidin Afghanistan dan ramping kehadiran militer mereka di dekat Afghanistan di Xinjiang. Cina memperoleh peralatan militer dari Amerika untuk mempertahankan diri dari serangan Soviet. [9]
Rakyat Tentara Pembebasan dilatih dan mendukung Mujahidin Afghanistan selama perang Soviet di Afghanistan. Cina pindah kamp-kamp pelatihan untuk para mujahidin dari Pakistan ke Cina itu sendiri. Ratusan juta senilai rudal anti pesawat, peluncur roket dan senapan mesin diberikan kepada Mujahidin oleh Cina. Penasehat militer China dan pasukan tentara yang hadir dengan Mujahidin selama pelatihan. [10]
Pada 1980-an, Cina menyusut militernya jauh untuk membebaskan sumber daya untuk pembangunan ekonomi , menghasilkan penurunan relatif dalam sumber daya yang ditujukan untuk PLA. Menyusul protes Lapangan Tiananmen tahun 1989 , kebenaran ideologis untuk sementara dihidupkan kembali sebagai tema dominan dalam urusan militer Cina. Reformasi dan modernisasi telah dimulai kembali hari ini posisi mereka sebagai sasaran prioritas PLA, meskipun loyalitas politik angkatan bersenjata ke BPK tetap menjadi perhatian utama. Bidang lain yang menjadi perhatian kepemimpinan politik adalah keterlibatan PLA dalam kegiatan ekonomi sipil. Kegiatan ini dianggap telah mempengaruhi kesiapan PLA dan telah memimpin kepemimpinan politik untuk mencoba untuk melakukan divestasi PLA dari non-militer kepentingan bisnis.
Mulai tahun 1980-an, PLA mencoba untuk mengubah diri dari kekuatan darat, berpusat pada kekuatan tanah yang luas, ke yang lebih kecil, ponsel, teknologi tinggi mampu operasi pemasangan di luar perbatasannya. Motivasi untuk ini adalah bahwa invasi darat besar-besaran oleh Rusia tidak lagi dilihat sebagai ancaman besar, dan ancaman baru ke China yang dipandang sebagai deklarasi kemerdekaan oleh Taiwan , mungkin dengan bantuan dari Amerika Serikat, atau konfrontasi atas para Kepulauan Spratly .
Pada tahun 1985, di bawah kepemimpinan dari Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Cina dan CMC, PLA berubah dari yang selalu siap untuk "memukul awal, memukul keras dan melawan perang nuklir" untuk mengembangkan militer di era damai . PLA reorientasi diri untuk modernisasi , meningkatkan kemampuan bertarung, dan untuk menjadi kekuatan kelas dunia.
Deng Xiaoping menekankan bahwa PLA diperlukan untuk lebih fokus pada kualitas bukan pada kuantitas. Keputusan pemerintah China pada tahun 1985 untuk mengurangi ukuran militer per satu juta selesai pada 1987. Staffing dalam kepemimpinan militer dipotong sekitar 50 persen. Selama Rencana Lima Tahun Kesembilan (1996-2000) PLA berkurang oleh 500.000 lebih lanjut. PLA juga telah diharapkan dapat dikurangi dengan 200.000 lainnya pada tahun 2005. PLA telah difokuskan pada mekanisasi meningkat dan ICT sehingga dapat berperang intensitas tinggi. [11]
Jiang Zemin pada tahun 1990 menyerukan militer untuk "memenuhi standar-standar politik, baik secara militer yang kompeten, memiliki gaya kerja yang baik, mematuhi secara ketat untuk disiplin, dan memberikan dukungan logistik yang kuat" Zuo yao dao zhèngzhì Hege, Junshi guòyìng, zuòfēng yōuliáng, jìlǜ Yanming, bǎozhàng yǒulì). [12]
Tahun 1991 Perang Teluk memberikan kepemimpinan Cina dengan realisasi yang sebenarnya bahwa PLA adalah sebuah kekuatan, kebesaran usang. Kemungkinan Jepang militer juga menjadi perhatian terus menerus untuk para pemimpin China sejak akhir 1990-an. Selain itu, kepemimpinan militer China telah bereaksi terhadap dan belajar dari keberhasilan dan kegagalan dari militer Amerika selama Perang Kosovo , yang invasi 2001 di Afghanistan , dengan invasi Irak 2003 , dan sedang berlangsung pemberontakan Irak . Semua pelajaran ini mengilhami Cina untuk mengubah PLA dari militer berdasarkan kuantitas untuk yang didasarkan pada kualitas.
Marinir dari Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat (Angkatan Laut).
Ketua Jiang Zemin secara resmi membuat " Revolusi dalam Urusan Militer "(RMA) bagian dari strategi militer resmi nasional pada tahun 1993 untuk memodernisasi angkatan bersenjata Cina . Tujuan dari RMA adalah untuk mengubah PLA menjadi kekuatan yang mampu memenangkan apa yang disebut "perang lokal di bawah kondisi teknologi tinggi" daripada perang, besar angka yang didominasi tanah-jenis. Para perencana militer Cina menyerukan kampanye yang menentukan pendek, terbatas baik dalam lingkup geografis dan tujuan politik mereka. Berbeda dengan masa lalu, lebih banyak perhatian diberikan untuk pengintaian , mobilitas, dan jangkauan dalam. Visi baru ini telah bergeser sumber daya terhadap angkatan laut dan angkatan udara. PLA juga aktif mempersiapkan ruang perang dan perang cyber .
Selama 10 sampai 20 tahun terakhir, PLA telah mengakuisisi beberapa sistem senjata canggih dari Rusia, termasuk kapal perusak kelas Sovremenny , Sukhoi Su-27 dan Sukhoi Su-30 pesawat terbang, dan Kilo kelas diesel-listrik kapal selam. Ini juga telah menyelesaikan beberapa kapal perusak baru dan frigat termasuk 2 AAW Type 052C kapal perusak peluru kendali kelas. Selain itu, PLAAF telah membangun sebuah adat J-10 pesawat tempur. PLA meluncurkan baru kelas Jin kapal selam nuklir pada 3 Desember 2004 mampu meluncurkan hulu ledak nuklir yang dapat menyerang sasaran di Samudra Pasifik.
Pada bulan Agustus 2010, PLA Harian menyarankan bahwa strategi militer Cina sudah keluar dari tanggal, dan bahwa China harus "audaciously belajar dari pengalaman budaya informasi dari militer asing" [13]

Mayor perang dan peristiwa

PLA perempuan Milisi tentara di 1970

Organisasi

Nasional Komando Militer

Sistem militer negara menjunjung tinggi prinsip kepemimpinan absolut PKC atas angkatan bersenjata. Partai dan Negara bersama-sama mendirikan CMC yang melakukan tugas kepemimpinan militer tertinggi atas angkatan bersenjata. Para UUD 1954 menyatakan bahwa Presiden Negara mengarahkan angkatan bersenjata dan membuat Presiden Negara ketua Komisi Pertahanan (Komisi Pertahanan adalah badan penasehat, tidak memimpin angkatan bersenjata). Pada tanggal 28 September 1954, Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Cina didirikan kembali CMC sebagai pemimpin PLA dan angkatan bersenjata. Sejak saat itu, sistem dari sistem bersama kepemimpinan partai dan negara militer didirikan. Komite Pusat Partai Komunis memimpin dalam semua urusan militer. Presiden Negara mengarahkan pasukan militer negara dan perkembangan kekuatan militer yang dikelola oleh Dewan Negara.
Untuk memastikan kepemimpinan absolut Partai Komunis atas angkatan bersenjata, setiap tingkat komite partai di pasukan militer menerapkan prinsip-prinsip sentralisme demokratis, divisi dan tingkat yang lebih tinggi membentuk komisaris politik dan organisasi politik, dan memastikan bahwa organisasi cabang sejalan. Sistem ini menyatu organisasi partai dengan organisasi militer untuk mencapai kepemimpinan partai dan kepemimpinan administratif. Ini adalah jaminan kunci kepemimpinan mutlak partai atas militer.

Kepemimpinan Militer

Kepemimpinan oleh PKC adalah prinsip mendasar dari sistem komando militer Cina. PLA untuk tidak melaporkan Dewan Negara melainkan untuk dua Komisi Militer Pusat, satu milik negara dan satu milik partai.
Dalam prakteknya, kedua Komisi Militer Pusat tidak bertentangan satu sama lain karena keanggotaan mereka biasanya identik. Seringkali, perbedaan hanya dalam keanggotaan antara kedua terjadi selama beberapa bulan setiap lima tahun, selama periode antara Partai Kongres, ketika Partai perubahan keanggotaan CMC, dan berikutnya berikutnya Kongres Rakyat Nasional , ketika perubahan negara CMC. CMC melakukan tanggung jawabnya sesuai dengan kewenangan yang diberikan kepadanya oleh konstitusi dan UU Pertahanan Nasional. [14]
Pimpinan setiap jenis kekuatan militer berada di bawah kepemimpinan dan manajemen dari bagian yang sesuai dari Komisi Militer Pusat Partai Komunis Cina Komite Sentral. Pasukan di bawah setiap cabang militer atau kekuatan seperti, akademi angkatan bawahan dan sekolah, penelitian ilmiah dan rekayasa lembaga, organisasi dukungan logistik, juga di bawah kepemimpinan CMC. Susunan ini telah sangat berguna sebagai China selama beberapa dekade terakhir telah bergerak semakin ke arah organisasi militer yang terdiri dari pasukan dari lebih dari satu cabang militer. Pada bulan September 1982, dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan modernisasi dan untuk meningkatkan koordinasi dalam komando pasukan termasuk cabang beberapa layanan dan untuk memperkuat perintah terpadu dari militer, CMC memerintahkan agar organisasi pimpinan cabang militer berbagai dihapuskan. PLA kini memiliki Angkatan Udara, Angkatan Laut dan organ Artileri Kedua kepemimpinan.
Pada tahun 1986, Rakyat Departemen Angkatan Bersenjata, kecuali di beberapa daerah perbatasan, diletakkan di bawah kepemimpinan bersama dari PLA dan pemerintah setempat. Meskipun organisasi partai lokal dicermati Angkatan Bersenjata Rakyat Departemen, sebagai hasil dari beberapa masalah praktis, CMC memutuskan bahwa setelah 1 April 1996, Bersenjata Rakyat Angkatan Departemen akan sekali lagi berada di bawah PLA.
Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Rakyat Cina , CMC terdiri dari: Ketua; Wakil Ketua, dan Anggota. Para Ketua Komisi Militer Pusat memiliki tanggung jawab keseluruhan untuk komisi.
Pada Maret 2008: [15] [16]
Ketua:
Wakil Ketua:
  • Wakil Ketua Komisi Militer Pusat - Xi Jinping terpilih pada Oktober 2010
  • Wakil Ketua Komisi Militer Pusat - Umum Guo Boxiong
  • Wakil Ketua Komisi Militer Pusat - Umum Xu Caihou
Anggota:

Komisi Militer Pusat

Pada bulan Desember 1982, Rakyat Nasional kelima Kongres merevisi Konstitusi Negara untuk menyediakan bahwa Komisi Negara Militer Pusat memimpin semua angkatan bersenjata negara. Ketua CMC Negara dipilih dan dihapus oleh NPC penuh sementara anggota lain dipilih oleh Komite Tetap NPC. Namun, CMC Komite Pusat Partai Komunis China tetap organisasi partai yang secara langsung memimpin militer dan seluruh angkatan bersenjata lainnya.
Dalam praktek sebenarnya, CMC partai, setelah berkonsultasi dengan partai-partai demokratis, mengusulkan nama-nama anggota CMC Negara NPC sehingga orang-orang ini setelah melalui proses hukum dapat dipilih oleh NPC ke Komisi Negara Militer Pusat. Artinya, bahwa CMC dari Komite Pusat dan CMC Negara adalah salah satu kelompok dan satu organisasi. Namun, melihat itu secara organisasi, kedua CMC adalah bawahan dua sistem yang berbeda - sistem kepartaian dan sistem Negara. Oleh karena itu angkatan bersenjata berada di bawah kepemimpinan absolut Partai Komunis dan juga angkatan bersenjata negara. Ini adalah sistem kepemimpinan yang unik bersama mencerminkan asal dari PLA sebagai cabang militer Partai Komunis. Ini hanya menjadi militer nasional ketika Republik Rakyat didirikan pada tahun 1949.
Dengan konvensi, ketua dan wakil ketua Komisi Militer Pusat adalah anggota sipil dari Partai Komunis China, tapi mereka belum tentu kepala pemerintahan sipil. Kedua Jiang Zemin dan Deng Xiaoping mempertahankan jabatan ketua bahkan setelah melepaskan posisi mereka yang lain. Semua anggota lain dari CMC adalah berseragam pejabat militer aktif. Tidak seperti negara lain, Menteri Pertahanan Nasional tidak kepala militer, tetapi biasanya merupakan wakil ketua CMC.

Umum PLA HQ

PLA Umum Markas terdiri dari departemen berikut:
Para GPD menerapkan sistem komisaris politik yang mempertahankan rantai yang terpisah dari perintah untuk memastikan kesetiaan kepada partai dan pemerintahan sipil. Pimpinan latihan CMC atas daerah militer , Angkatan Laut dan Angkatan Udara dan Artileri Kedua melalui empat departemen umum.
Dalam wilayah militer, tiga cabang layanan dikoordinasikan dalam operasi pertempuran di bawah komando terpadu dari distrik militer . Para Artileri Kedua Namun di bawah kepemimpinan langsung dari CMC. Unit tentara di daerah militer di bawah pimpinan bahwa daerah militer. Angkatan Laut dan pasukan angkatan udara di daerah militer berada di bawah kepemimpinan bersama dari wilayah militer dan cabang layanan mereka .....

Militer daerah

PLA militer daerah (1996)
Di bawah Markas Staf Umum adalah tujuh daerah militer :
PLA garnisun di Hong Kong dan Makau keduanya di bawah administrasi MR Guangzhou.
Koordinasi dengan kelompok sipil keamanan nasional seperti Departemen Luar Negeri dicapai terutama oleh kelompok terkemuka dari Partai Komunis Cina. Terutama penting adalah kelompok-kelompok terkemuka di luar negeri dan Taiwan.

Layanan cabang

PLA meliputi lima cabang layanan utama: Angkatan Ground, Angkatan Laut, Angkatan Udara, Artileri Kedua (kekuatan rudal strategis), dan Polisi Bersenjata Rakyat. Menyusul pengurangan pasukan 200.000 dari 2003 hingga 2005, akhir-kekuatan total PLA telah berkurang 2500000-2300000. Ada 660.000 personel melayani di Rakyat Polisi Bersenjata (PAP), dan 1,2-1.500.000 di pasukan cadangan dan milisi .
PLA dicermati kinerja bersenjata pasukan AS di Afghanistan dan Irak . Serta belajar dari keberhasilan militer AS di jaringan-centric peperangan , operasi bersama, C4ISR , dan hi-tech persenjataan , PLA juga mempelajari taktik yang tidak konvensional yang dapat digunakan untuk mengeksploitasi kerentanan dari musuh yang lebih berteknologi maju . Hal ini tercermin dalam dua paralel pedoman untuk pengembangan tanah PLA pasukan. Sementara mempercepat proses memperkenalkan teknologi baru ke dalam gaya dan pensiun peralatan yang lebih tua, PLA juga telah menempatkan penekanan pada perang asimetris , termasuk menemukan metode menggunakan peralatan yang ada untuk mengalahkan musuh teknologi yang lebih tinggi.

PLA Angkatan Darat

PLA menyebarkan kekuatan tanah terbesar di dunia, saat ini berjumlah sekitar 1,6 juta personel, atau sekitar 70 persen tenaga kerja total PLA (2,3 juta). Pasukan darat dibagi di antara tujuh daerah militer seperti yang disebutkan di atas.
Sebuah Tipe 99 tangki di Museum Revolusi Militer Rakyat China di Beijing
Pasukan reguler dari pasukan darat terdiri dari 18 tentara Grup , yang korps-ukuran lengan dikombinasikan unit masing-masing dengan sekitar 30,000-65,000 personel, dan lebih dari 10000 Tank Pertempuran Utama. Menurut Institut Internasional untuk Studi Strategis tahun 2010 Military Balance, PLAGF meliputi 8 divisi lapis baja , 8 brigade lapis baja, 8 divisi infanteri mekanis (termasuk 2 gunung), 7 brigade infanteri mekanik, 15 divisi infanteri bermotor (termasuk 3 gunung dan 1 hutan), 21 brigade infanteri bermotor (termasuk 4 gunung), 2 divisi serbu amfibi, 1 brigade lapis baja amfibi, 2 divisi artileri, 16 brigade artileri, 21 brigade pertahanan udara, dan 11 penerbangan (helikopter) resimen (termasuk 2 pelatihan).
Dalam masa krisis, Angkatan Tanah PLA akan diperkuat oleh berbagai cadangan dan paramiliter unit. Komponen cadangan PLA memiliki sekitar 1,2-1500000 personil dibagi menjadi 30 infanteri, dan 12 artileri anti pesawat (AAA) divisi. Dua divisi mekanik amfibi juga diciptakan di Nanjing dan Guangzhou MR. Setidaknya 40 persen dari divisi PLA dan brigade sekarang mekanik atau lapis baja, hampir dua kali lipat persentase sebelum penurunan.
Sementara banyak Angkatan Tanah PLA sedang berkurang dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, teknologi intensif elemen seperti pasukan operasi khusus (SOF), tentara penerbangan (helikopter), permukaan-ke-udara rudal (SAM), dan unit perang elektronik memiliki semua telah dengan cepat memperluas. Operasional terbaru doktrin angkatan darat PLA menyoroti pentingnya teknologi informasi , elektronik dan perang informasi , dan jangka panjang pemogokan presisi dalam peperangan masa depan. Telepon generasi tua / radio berbasis komando, kontrol, dan (C3) sistem komunikasi digantikan oleh jaringan informasi medan terpadu yang menampilkan local / wide-area network ( LAN / WAN ), komunikasi satelit , kendaraan udara tak berawak (UAV) - berbasis pengawasan dan pengintaian sistem, dan mobile komando dan kontrol pusat. [17]
Orang Cina marinir memiliki pelatihan ekstensif dalam CQC (dekat perempat tempur) dan tangan-untuk memerangi-tangan.

Angkatan Laut PLA

Sampai awal 1990-an, angkatan laut melakukan peran bawahan Angkatan Darat PLA . Sejak itu telah mengalami modernisasi yang cepat. 250.000-man Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat Angkatan Laut (RENCANA) ini disusun dalam tiga armada utama: Armada Laut Utara berkantor pusat di Qingdao , para Timur Laut Armada bermarkas di Ningbo , dan Laut Armada Selatan bermarkas di Zhanjiang . Setiap armada terdiri dari sejumlah kapal permukaan , kapal selam , angkatan laut angkatan udara , pertahanan pantai , dan laut unit.
Angkatan laut meliputi 35.000 Angkatan Pertahanan Pesisir dan 56.000 infanteri Angkatan Laut / Marinir (dua multi-lengan laut brigade), ditambah 56.000 RENCANA Penerbangan angkatan laut lengan udara beroperasi beberapa ratus darat pesawat dan kapal berbasis helikopter. Sebagai bagian dari program keseluruhan modernisasi angkatan laut, PLAN telah mengembangkan angkatan laut air biru . Angkatan Laut juga memanfaatkan CJ-10 angkatan laut pelayaran sistem rudal, yang membuat pertama penampilan publik selama akhir 2009.

PLA Air Force

Para Chengdu J-10 multirole fighter.
Para Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat Angkatan Udara (PLAAF), dengan sekitar 250.000 personil dan 2500 Fighters dan Penyerang, disusun menjadi tujuh Angkatan Udara Militer Daerah (MRAF) dan 24 Divisi Udara. Ini adalah angkatan udara terbesar di Asia-Pasifik dan terbesar ketiga di dunia (setelah USAF dan Angkatan Udara Rusia ). Unit-unit operasional terbesar dalam Korps Penerbangan adalah divisi udara, yang memiliki resimen penerbangan 2 sampai 3, masing-masing dengan 20 sampai 36 pesawat. Para permukaan-ke-udara rudal (SAM) Korps ini diatur dalam SAM divisi dan brigade . Ada juga tiga udara divisi diawaki oleh PLAAF.

Kedua Artileri Corps

Para Korps Artileri Kedua (SAC) adalah pasukan rudal strategis dari PLA. Dia mengontrol Cina nuklir dan konvensional rudal strategis . Ukuran gudang keseluruhan nuklir China diperkirakan antara 100 dan 400 senjata nuklir. SAC ini memiliki sekitar 90,000-120,000 personil dan enam divisi rudal balistik (rudal korps basa). Keenam divisi secara independen dikerahkan di berbagai daerah militer dan memiliki total 15 sampai 20 brigade rudal.

People's Armed Police

A People's Armed Police Squad in the Forbidden City
The PAP is the paramilitary force primarily responsible for law enforcement and internal security and is under a unique dual-leadership system of the Central Military Commission and local public security bureaus (local police departments). The PAP was formed in 1983 when the PLA transferred its internal security and border defense responsibilities to the Ministry of Public Security . In wartime , the PAP, as part of China's armed forces, would be used as light infantry , performing border defense and other support functions to assist the regular ground forces .
In general, the PLA regular forces' main purpose is national defense and has rarely been used for internal security or police functions. Most such issues in the country however are handled by the paramilitary People's Armed Police . The instances in which the PLA has been used for non-military internal security duties have included several incidents during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, Tibet in 1989, and with the Tiananmen Protests of 1989 . Many times, the PLA has been involved in flood relief operations, particularly in the Yellow River region.

Conscription and terms of service

A Chinese soldier with the People's Liberation Army waits to assist with American and Chinese delegation's traffic at Shenyang training base, China, March 24, 2007. Defense Dept. photo by US Air Force Staff Sgt. D. Myles Cullen
PLA recruits training
Technically, military service with the PLA is obligatory for all Chinese citizens. However, in practice it is entirely voluntary; because of China's large population and of the large number of individuals who volunteer to join the regular armed forces, the authorities have never enforced a draft. All 18-year-old males have to register themselves with the government authorities, in a way similar to the Selective Service System of the United States. [ 18 ] The main exception to this system applies to potential university students (male and female), who must undergo military training (usually for the duration of one to four weeks) before or one year after the commencement of their courses. [ citation needed ]
Article 55 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China prescribes conscription by stating: "It is a sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend his or her motherland and resist invasion. It is an honoured obligation of the citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and to join the militia forces." [ 19 ] As of 2010 the 1984 Military Service Law spells out the legal basis of conscription, describing military service as a duty for "all citizens without distinction of race... and religious creed". This law has not been amended since it came into effect.
Conscription has only existed officially since the establishment of the Republic in 1949, and, theoretically, all Chinese citizens have had the duty of performing military service. Technically, those 18–22 years of age enter selective compulsory military service, with a 24-month service obligation. Ini termasuk 18-19 tahun untuk wanita lulusan SMA yang memenuhi persyaratan untuk pekerjaan militer tertentu.
Military service is normally performed in the regular armed forces, but the 1984 law does allow for conscription into the reserve forces. Residents of the Hong Kong and Macau SAR however, as of 1997 and 1999 are exempted from joining the military.
In 2011, CMC Chairman Hu admitted that China is lagging in the development of military talent and ordered the PLA, military colleges and academies to cultivate talents. [ 20 ]

Military intelligence

General Staff Department

General Staff Department carries out staff and operational functions for the PLA and had major responsibility for implementing military modernization plans. Headed by chief of general staff, the department served as the headquarters for the ground forces and contained directorates for the three other armed services: Air Force, Navy, and Strategic Missile Force. The General Staff Department included functionally organized subdepartments and politics .
Navy Headquarters controlled the North Sea Fleet , East Sea Fleet , and South Sea Fleet . Air Force Headquarters generally exercised control through the commanders of the seven military regions. Nuclear forces were directly subordinate to the General Staff Department . Conventional main, regional, and militia units were controlled administratively by the military region commanders, but the General Staff Department in Beijing could assume direct operational control of any main-force unit at will. Thus, broadly speaking, the General Staff Department exercises operational control of the main forces, and the military region commanders controlled the regional forces and, indirectly, the militia.
Jabatan pejabat intelijen utama dalam kepemimpinan atas militer Cina telah diambil oleh sejumlah orang dari beberapa generasi, dari Li Kenong pada tahun 1950 untuk Xiong Guangkai di akhir 1990-an, dan kapasitas publik mereka selalu menjadi asisten wakil kepala staf atau asisten kepala staf.
Ever since the CPC officially established the system of "major military regions" for its army in the 1950s, the intelligence agencies inside the Army have, after going through several major evolutions, developed into the present three major military intelligence setups.
  • Tingkat pusat terdiri dari Departemen Kedua dan Ketiga di bawah Markas Staf Umum PLA dan Departemen Penghubung bawah Departemen Umum PLA Politik.
  • At the major military regions intelligence activities consist of the Second Bureau established at the same level as the Operation Department under the Headquarters, and the Liaison Department established under the Political Department.
  • The third system includes a number of communications stations directly established in the garrison areas of all the major military regions by the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters.
Biro Kedua bawah Kantor Pusat dan Departemen Penghubung bawah Departemen Politik daerah militer besar hanya tunduk pada "kepemimpinan profesional" dari mereka unit "rekan" di bawah Komisi Militer Pusat dan masih dianggap sebagai unit bawahan langsung dari militer besar wilayah secara organisasi.
Those entities whose names include the word "institute", all research institutes under the charge of the Second and the Third Departments of the PLA General Staff Headquarters, including other research organs inside the Army, are at least of the establishment size of the full regimental level.
Among the deputy commanders or deputy chiefs of staff of a major military region in China, there is always one who is assigned to take charge of intelligence work, and the intelligence agencies under his charge are directly affiliated to the headquarters and the political department of the military region.
The Conference on Strengthening Intelligence Work held from 3 September 1996 – 18 September 1996 at the Xishan Command Center of the Ministry of State Security and the General Staff Department . Chi Haotian delivered a report entitled "Strengthen Intelligence Work in a New International Environment To Serve the Cause of Socialist Construction." The report emphasized the need to strengthen the following four aspects of intelligence work:
  • Efforts must be made to strengthen understanding of the special nature and role of intelligence work, as well as understanding of the close relationship between strengthening intelligence work on the one hand, and of the Four Modernizations of the motherland, the reunification of the motherland, and opposition to hegemony and power politics on the other.
  • The United States and the West have all along been engaged in infiltration, intervention, sabotage, and intelligence gathering against China on the political, economic, military, and ideological fronts. The response must strengthen the struggle against their infiltration, intervention, sabotage, and intelligence gathering.
  • Konsolidasi departemen intelijen dan pelatihan generasi baru dari personil intelijen yang secara politik dapat diandalkan, jujur ​​dan lurus di jalan mereka, dan mampu menguasai keterampilan profesional, seni perjuangan, dan teknologi maju.
  • Memperkuat kerja intelijen pengorganisasian dalam dua internasional industri, perdagangan, dan keuangan port-Hong Kong dan Makau.
Although the four aspects emphasized by Chi Haotian appeared to be defensive measures, they were in fact both defensive and offensive in nature.

Second Department

The Second Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters is responsible for collecting military intelligence . Activities include military attachés at Chinese embassies abroad, clandestine special agents sent to foreign countries to collect military information, and the analysis of information publicly published in foreign countries.
The Second Department oversees military human intelligence (HUMINT) collection, widely exploits open source (OSINT) materials , fuses HUMINT, signals intelligence (SIGINT), and imagery intelligence data, and disseminates finished intelligence products to the CMC and other consumers. Preliminary fusion is carried out by the Second Department's Analysis Bureau which mans the National Watch Center, the focal point for national-level indications and warning. In-depth analysis is carried out by regional bureaus.
Although traditionally the Second Department of the General Staff Department was responsible for military intelligence, it is beginning to increasingly focus on scientific and technological intelligence in the military field, following the example of Russian agencies in stepping up the work of collecting scientific and technological information.
The research institute under the Second Department of the General Staff Headquarters is publicly known as the Institute for International Strategic Studies; its internal classified publication "Foreign Military Trends" ( Wai Jun Dongtai ) (外军动态) is published every 10 days and transmitted to units at the division level.
The PLA Institute of International Relations at Nanjing comes under the Second Department of the General Staff Department and is responsible for training military attachés , assistant military attaches and associate military attaches as well as secret agents to be posted abroad. It also supplies officers to the military intelligence sections of various military regions and group armies . The Institute was formed from the PLA "793" Foreign Language Institute, which moved from Zhangjiakou after the Cultural Revolution and split into two institutions at Luoyang and Nanjing .
The Institute of International Relations was known in the 1950s as the School for Foreign Language Cadres of the Central Military Commission, with the current name being used since 1964. The training of intelligence personnel is one of several activities at the Institute. While all graduates of the Moscow Institute of International Relations were employed by the KGB , only some graduates of the Beijing Institute of International Relations are employed by the Ministry of State Security. The former Institute of International Relations, since been renamed the Foreign Affairs College , is under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is not involved in secret intelligence work. The former Central Military Commission foreign language school had foreign faculty members who were either Communist Party sympathizers or were members of foreign communist parties. But the present Institute of International Relations does not hire foreign teachers, to avoid the danger that its students might be recognized when sent abroad as clandestine agents.
Those engaged in professional work in military academies under the Second Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters usually have a chance to go abroad, either for advanced studies or as military officers working in the military attaché's office of Chinese embassies in foreign countries. People working in the military attaché's office of embassies are usually engaged in collecting military information under the cover of "military diplomacy". As long as they refrain from directly subversive activities, they are considered as well-behaved "military diplomats".
Some bureaus under the Second Department which are responsible for espionage in different regions, of which the First Bureau is responsible for collecting information in Taiwan , Hong Kong and Macau . Agents are dispatched by the Second Department to companies and other local corporations to gain cover.
The "Autumn Orchid" intelligence group assigned to Hong Kong and Macau in the mid-1980s mostly operated in the mass media, political, industrial, commercial, and religious circles, as well as in universities and colleges. The "Autumn Orchid" kelompok intelijen terutama bertanggung jawab atas tiga tugas berikut:
  • Mencari tahu dan mengikuti perkembangan dari kecenderungan politik dari pejabat Hong Kong dan Makau pemerintah, serta pandangan mereka tentang isu-isu utama, melalui kontak sosial dengan mereka dan melalui informasi yang diberikan oleh mereka.
  • Keeping abreast of the developments of foreign governments' political organs in Hong Kong, as well as of foreign financial, industrial, and commercial organizations.
  • Finding out and having a good grasp of the local media's sources of information on political, military, economic, and other developments on the mainland, and deliberately releasing false political or military information to the media to test the outside response.
The "Autumn Orchid" intelligence group was awarded a Citation for Merit, Second Class, in December 1994. It was further awarded another Citation for Merit, Second Class, in 1997. Its current status is not publicly known. During the 2008 Chinese New Year celebration CCTV held for Chinese diplomatic establishments, the head of the Second Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters was revealed for the first time to the public: the current head was Major General Yang Hui (杨晖), the former deputy head of the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters (he was a senior colonel when he held that position).

Third Department

The Third Department of the General Staff Headquarters is responsible for monitoring the telecommunications of foreign armies and producing finished intelligence based on the military information collected.
The communications stations established by the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters are not subject to the jurisdiction of the provincial military district and the major military region of where they are based. The communications stations are entirely the agencies of the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters which have no affiliations to the provincial military district and the military region of where they are based. The personnel composition, budgets, and establishment of these communications stations are entirely under the jurisdiction of the Third Department of the General PLA General Staff Headquarters, and are not related at all with local troops.
China maintains the most extensive SIGINT network of all the countries in the Asia-Pacific region. As of the late 1990s, SIGINT systems included several dozen ground stations, half a dozen ships, truck-mounted systems, and airborne systems. Third Department headquarters is located in the vicinity of the GSD First Department (Operations Department), AMS, and NDU complex in the hills northwest of the Summer Palace . As of the late 1990s, the Third Department was allegedly manned by approximately 20,000 personnel, with most of their linguists trained at the Luoyang Institute of Foreign Languages.
Ever since the 1950s, the Second and Third Departments of the PLA General Staff Headquarters have established a number of institutions of secondary and higher learning for bringing up "special talents." The PLA Foreign Language Institute at Luoyang comes under the Third Department of the General Staff Department and is responsible for training foreign language officers for the monitoring of foreign military intelligence . The Institute was formed from the PLA "793" Foreign Language Institute, which moved from Zhangjiakou after the Cultural Revolution and split into two institutions at Luoyang and Nanjing.
Though the distribution order they received upon graduation indicated the "PLA General Staff Headquarters", many of the graduates of these schools found themselves being sent to all parts of the country, including remote and uninhabited backward mountain areas. The reason is that the monitoring and control stations under the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters are scattered in every corner of the country.
The communications stations located in the Shenzhen base of the PLA Hong Kong Garrison started their work long ago. In normal times, these two communications stations report directly to the Central Military Commission and the PLA General Staff Headquarters. Units responsible for coordination are the communications stations established in the garrison provinces of the military regions by the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters.
By taking direct command of military communications stations based in all parts of the country, the CPC Central Military Commission and the PLA General Staff Headquarters can not only ensure a successful interception of enemy radio communications , but can also make sure that none of the wire or wireless communications and contacts among major military regions can escape the detection of these communications stations, thus effectively attaining the goal of imposing a direct supervision and control over all major military regions , all provincial military districts , and all group armies .

Monitoring stations

China's main SIGINT effort is in the Third Department of the General Staff Department of the Central Military Commission, with additional capabilities, primarily domestic, in the Ministry of State Security (MSS). SIGINT stations, therefore, are scattered through the country, for domestic as well as international interception. Prof. Desmond Ball, of the Australian National University , described the largest stations as the main Technical Department SIGINT net control station on the northwest outskirts of Beijing, and the large complex near Lake Kinghathu in the extreme northeast corner of China.
As opposed to other major powers, China focuses its SIGINT activities on its region rather than the world. Ball wrote, in the eighties, that China had several dozen SIGINT stations aimed at Russia, Japan, Taiwan , Southeast Asia and India, as well as internally.
Of the stations apparently targeting Russia, there are sites at Jilemutu and Jixi in the northeast, and at Erlian and Hami near the Mongolian border. Two Russian-facing sites in Xinjiang , at Qitai and Korla may be operated jointly with resources from the US CIA 's Office of SIGINT Operations, probably focused on missile and space activity.
Other stations aimed at South and Southeast Asia are on a net controlled by Chengdu , Sichuan. There is a large facility at Dayi, and, according to Ball, "numerous" small posts along the Indian border.
Other significant facilities are located near Shenyang , near Jinan and in Nanjing and Shanghai. Additional stations are in the Fujian and Guangdong military districts opposite Taiwan.
On Hainan Island , near Vietnam , there is a naval SIGINT facility that monitors the South China sea, and a ground station targeting US and Russian satellites. China also has ship and aircraft platforms in this area, under the South Sea Fleet headquarters at Zhanjiang immediately north of the island. Targeting here seems to have an ELINT as well as COMINT flavor.
There are also truck-mounted mobile ground systems, as well as ship, aircraft, and limited satellite capability. There are at least 10 intelligence-gathering auxiliary vessels.
As of the late nineties, the Chinese did not appear to be trying to monitor the United States Pacific Command to the same extent as does Russia. In future, this had depended, in part, on the status of Taiwan.

Fourth Department

The Fourth Department (ECM and Radar) of the General Staff Headquarters Department has the electronic intelligence (ELINT) portfolio within the PLA's SIGINT apparatus. This department is responsible for electronic countermeasures , requiring them to collect and maintain data bases on electronic signals. 25 ELINT receivers are the responsibility of the Southwest Institute of Electronic Equipment (SWIEE). Among the wide range of SWIEE ELINT products is a new KZ900 airborne ELINT pod. The GSD 54th Research Institute supports the ECM Department in development of digital ELINT signal processors to analyze parameters of radar pulses.

Liaison Department

The PLA General Political Department (GPD) maintains the CPC structure that exists at every level of the PLA. It is responsible for overseeing the political education, indoctrination and discipline that is a prerequisite for advancement within the PLA. The GPD controls the internal prison system of the PLA.
The International Liaison Department of the General Political Department is publicly known as the "China Association for International Friendly Contacts". The department prepares political and economic information for the reference of the Political Bureau. Departemen ini melakukan pekerjaan ideologi dan politik pada tentara asing, menjelaskan kebijakan China, dan hancur oleh tentara musuh meredam semangat mereka. Hal ini juga bertugas menghasut pemberontakan dan ketidaksetiaan dalam militer Taiwan dan militer asing lainnya.
The Liaison Office has dispatched agents to infiltrate Chinese-funded companies and private institutions in Hong Kong. Their mission is counter-espionage , monitoring their own agents, and preventing and detecting foreign intelligence services buying off Chinese personnel.

Special Forces

Unit kontrateroris China ditarik dari kepolisian, bukan militer. The name changes frequently, but as of this writing, it is known as the Immediate Action Unit (IAU). The Chinese Army fields large number of special operations groups and would appear to have a vast pool of manpower to choose from. Namun, diyakini bahwa aktivitas teroris yang signifikan dalam perbatasan Cina akan menarik perhatian IAU.
China has reportedly developed a force capable of carrying out long-range air-borne operations, long-range reconnaissance, and amphibious operations. Formed in China's Guangzhou military region and known by the nickname "Sword of Southern China", the force supposedly receives army, air force and naval training, including flight training, and is equipped with "hundreds of high-tech devices", including global-positioning satellite systems. All of the force's officers have completed military staff colleges, and 60 percent are said to have university degrees. Soldiers are reported to be cross-trained in various specialties, and training is supposed to encompass a range of operational environments. It is far from clear whether this unit is considered operational by the Chinese. It is also not clear how such a force would be employed. Among the missions mentioned were "responding to contingencies in various regions" and "cooperating with other services in attacks on islands". According to the limited reporting, the organization appears to be in a phase of testing and development and may constitute an experimental unit. While no size for the force has been revealed, there have been Chinese media claims that "over 4000 soldiers of the force are all-weather and versatile fighters and parachutists who can fly airplanes and drive auto vehicles and motor boats". [ citation needed ]

Other branches

  • The Third Department and the Navy cooperate on shipborne intelligence collection platforms.
  • PLAAF Sixth Research Institute: Air Force SIGINT collection is managed by the PLAAF Sixth Research Institute in Beijing.

Senjata dan peralatan

General Liang Guanglie has claimed that China is 20 years behind the United States. [ 21 ]

Cyber-warfare

There is good reason to believe the PLA have already begun engaging countries using cyber-warfare . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] There has been a significant increase in the number of Chinese related cyber events from 1999 to the present day. [ 24 ]
Cyberwarfare has gained recognition as a valuable technique because it is an asymmetric technique that is a part of Chinese Information Operations . As is written by two PLA Colonels, Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, "Methods that are not characterized by the use of the force of arms, nor by the use of military power, nor even by the presence of casualties and bloodshed, are just as likely to facilitate the successful realization of the war's goals, if not more so. [ 25 ]
While China has long been suspected of cyber spying , on 24 May 2011 the PLA announced the existence of their cyber security squad. [ 26 ]

C4ISTAR

China has been developing C4ISTAR and purchasing precision-guided munitions . [ 27 ]

Firearms

After the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, the Chinese received massive amounts of weaponry and equipment as well as the capability to build their own weapons from the Soviet Union before the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Most of the firearms that the PLA used in both the past and the present have their origins in many Soviet or Russian small arms like the Mosin-Nagant series rifles and carbines (the Chinese made the Russian Mosin-Nagant M-1944 carbine under licence as the Type 53 Carbine ), the SKS carbine, the AK-47 assault rifle, the RPD light-machine gun, the Tokarev TT-33 pistol and the DShK heavy machine gun.
The PLA's main infantry rifle is the recently issued QBZ-95 . It is a replacement for the Type 81 , which bears similarities to the AK-47. The PLA also utilise locally manufactured versions of the Russian AK-47 series rifles and SKS series carbines with the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle (a locally produced version of the AK-47) and the Chinese Type 56 carbine (a locally produced version of the SKS). Despite being similar to the original Russian-made AK-47s and SKSs, both the Type 56 Assault Rifle and the Norinco Type 56 Carbine have a number of differences which separate them from their original Russian counterparts. One example of the difference is that the Type 56 has a permanently attached, stiletto-style bayonet under the barrel of the rifle, a feature that is native to many Chinese-made AK-47s. The Chinese Type 56 Carbine is also different from the original Russian-made SKS carbines with the Chinese SKSs also utilising a stilletto-style bayonet like the Chinese Type 56 Assault Rifle while the original Russian-made SKS carbines utilised a sword-style bayonet.
The Chinese Type 56 was mass produced from the 1960s to the 1980s and was exported to many countries around the world. Despite the introduction of newer rifles like the Type 81 and the QBZ-95 , the Chinese Type 56/AK-47 rifles are still used in very limited numbers by some PLA second-line and training units and civilian militias. However, the Chinese Type 56/SKS carbines have been retained for ceremonial duties by the PLA in the same manner as the SKS has been retained for ceremonial duties in the Russian armed forces , as well as in service with local civilian militias. The PLA and police forces are widely equipped with the Type 54 , 7.62 mm pistol, although it has been supplemented in some special elite units by the QSZ-92 pistol .

Land-based weapons

The PLA's tank inventory was numbered around 10,000 during its peak time in the 1980s and 1990s, but this is estimated to have been reduced to 7,000, operating in 11 armored brigades. [ 28 ] The Chinese-produced versions of the Soviet T-54 A ( Type 59 and Type 69 ) account for over two-thirds of the total PLA tank inventory. While retiring some of the older Type 59/69 series and replacing them with the second generation Type 88 and third generation Type 96 , the PLA is also upgrading the remaining Type 59/69 series tanks with new technologies including improved communication and fire-control systems , night vision equipment, explosive reactive armor , improved powerplant , and gun-fired anti-tank missiles so that they can remain in service as mobile fire-support platforms. The newest tank is the Type 99 , which entered PLA service in 2001.
The PLA also operates about 10,000 light tanks including the Type 62 light tank and the Type 63 amphibious tank, both of which entered production in the 1960s. The Type 63 has now been upgraded with the addition of the improved Type 63A featuring computerized fire-control, gun-fired anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), night vision equipment, satellite navigation , and improved powerplant.

Nuklir senjata

Rentang rudal balistik antarbenua menengah dan
In 1955, China decided to proceed with a nuclear weapons program. The decision was made after the United States threatened the use of nuclear weapons against China should it take action against Quemoy and Matsu , coupled with the lack of interest of the Soviet Union for using its nuclear weapons in defense of China.
After their first nuclear test (China claims minimal Soviet assistance before 1960) on 16 October 1964, China was the first state to pledge no-first-use of nuclear weapons. On 1 July 1966, the Second Artillery Corps (as named by Premier Zhou Enlai) was formed. In 1967, China tested a fully functional hydrogen bomb , only 32 months after China had made its first fission device. China thus produced the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history.
China became a major international arms exporter during the 1980s. Beijing joined the Middle East arms control talks, which began in July 1991 to establish global guidelines for conventional arms transfers, and later announced that it would no longer participate because of the US decision to sell 150 F-16 A/B aircraft to Taiwan on 2 September 1992.
It joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984 and pledged to abstain from further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in 1986. China acceded to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1992 and supported its indefinite and unconditional extension in 1995. In 1996, it signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and agreed to seek an international ban on the production of fissile nuclear weapons material.
In 1996, China committed to provide assistance to unsafeguarded nuclear facilities. China attended the May 1997 meeting of the NPT Exporters (Zangger) Committee as an observer and became a full member in October 1997. The Zangger Committee is a group which meets to list items that should be subject to IAEA inspections if exported by countries, which have, as China has, signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty. In September 1997, China issued detailed nuclear export control regulations. China began implementing regulations establishing controls over nuclear-related dual-use items in 1998. China also has decided not to engage in new nuclear cooperation with Iran (even under safeguards), and will complete existing cooperation, which is not of proliferation concern, within a relatively short period. Based on significant, tangible progress with China on nuclear nonproliferation, President Clinton in 1998 took steps to bring into force the 1985 US–China Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation.
Beijing has deployed a modest ballistic missile force, including land and sea-based intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ). It is estimated that China has about 100-160 liquid fueled ICBMs capable of striking the United States with approximately 100–150 IRBMs able to strike Russia or Eastern Europe. China also possesses several hundred tactical SRBMs with ranges between 300 and 600 km. [ 29 ]
China's nuclear program follows a doctrine of minimal deterrence , which involves having the minimum force needed to deter an aggressor from launching a first strike. The current efforts of China appear to be aimed at maintaining a survivable nuclear force by, for example, using solid-fueled ICBMs in silos rather than liquid-fueled missiles. China's 2006 published deterrence policy states that they will "uphold the principles of counterattack in self-defense and limited development of nuclear weapons", but "has never entered, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any country". It goes on to describe that China will never undertake a first strike, or use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state or zone. [ 29 ] US strategists, however, suggest that the Chinese position may be ambiguous, and nuclear weapons may be used both to deter conventional strikes/invasions on the Chinese mainland, or as an international political tool - limiting the extent to which other nations can coerce China politically, an inherent, often inadvertent phenomenon in international relations as regards any state with nuclear capabilities. [ 30 ]

Kimia senjata

China is not a member of the Australia Group , an informal and voluntary arrangement made in 1985 to monitor developments in the proliferation of dual-use chemicals and to coordinate export controls on key dual-use chemicals and equipment with weapons applications. In April 1997, however, China ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and, in September 1997, promulgated a new chemical weapons export control directive.

ASAT

The PLA has started the development of an anti-ballistic and anti-satellite system in the 1960s, code named Project 640, including ground based lasers, and anti-satellite missiles. On 11 January 2007 China conducted a successful test of an anti-satellite missile , with an SC-19 class KKV. [ 31 ]

Space-based systems

The PLA has deployed a number of space-based systems for military purposes, including the imagery intelligence satellite systems like the ZiYan series, [ 32 ] and the militarily designated JianBing series, synthetic aperture satellites (SAR) such as JianBing-5, BeiDou satellite navigation network , and secured communication satellites with FENGHUO-1. [ 33 ]

Manned spaceflight

The PLA is responsible for the Chinese space program . To date, all the participants have been selected from members of the PLA Air Force. China became the third country in the world to have sent a man into space by its own means with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft on 15 October 2003 and the flight of Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng aboard Shenzhou 6 on 12 October 2005 and Zhai Zhigang , Liu Boming , and Jing Haipeng aboard Shenzhou 7 on 25 September 2008.

Missile technology control regime

While not formally joining the regime, in March 1992, China undertook to abide by the guidelines and parameters of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the multinational effort to restrict the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction. China reaffirmed this commitment in 1994 and pledged not to transfer MTCR-class ground-to-ground missiles. In November 2000, China committed to not assist in any way the development by other countries of MTCR-class missiles. Letter of AQ Khan (Pakistani Scientist) has revealed of violations by sharing missile and nuclear technology with Pakistan's whose long range missile ghauri is similar to that of China's Missiles. [ 34 ]

rudal Cruise

The CJ-10 , one of China's newer long-range land attack cruise missiles, made its first public appearance during the military parade on the 60th Anniversary of the People's Republic of China ; the DH-10 , CJ-10 , and other missiles represents the next generation in missile technology in the PLA and the drive towards modernizing the capability of the PLA.

Laser weapons

China is known to have invested heavily in laser weapons research, but reliable sources regarding the state, or nature of these weapons systems are lacking. [ 35 ]

Land mines

China's attitude towards limiting the use of land mines is still unclear. However, it has stopped production as of 2003, due to its "peaceful rise" policy.

Railguns

China is known to have invested heavily in efforts to develop railguns, but reliable sources regarding the state, or nature of these weapons systems are lacking. [ 35 ] Evidence of such programs includes an unconfirmed report of a 2006 railgun test, [ 35 ] and a photo of a purported small-caliber railgun on the Chinese Internet. [ 35 ]

Hypersonic Vehicles

The PLA has tested two types of hypersonic space vehicles, the Shenglong Spaceplane and a new one built by Chengdu Aircraft Corporation . [ 35 ]

Developing Weapons

According to the Pentagon, China is currently developing kinetic-energy weapons, high-powered lasers, high-powered microwave weapons , particle-beam weapons , and electromagnetic pulse weapons with its increase of military fundings. [ 36 ]

Military budget

Military spending in China has grown about 10 percent annually over the last 15 years. [ 37 ] The Chinese government's published 2011 military budget is about US$ 100 billion, [ 38 ] the second largest in the world and up about 12.7 % percent from 2010 (US$ 87 billion), but still only 1/7 of the US's. [ 39 ] This figure would mean that for 2011, China's military expenditure as a percentage of GDP would be 1.4%. [ 40 ] However, the PLA is widely believed to underreport its yearly expenditures. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) estimates China's military spending to be 129.272 billion US$, up 679% from 1989, the earliest year SIPRI has an estimate for PLA spending, when China spent 16.6 billion on its military. [ 41 ]
Bob Gates has urged China to be more transparent about its military capabilities and intentions and Chinese state media has agreed that there is a need to "communicate more often and more effectively" about the issue. [ 42 ] [ 43 ]
The International Institute for Strategic Studies in a 2011 report argued that if spending trends continue China will achieve military equality with the United States in 15–20 years. [ 44 ]

Commercial interests

PLA Factory No. 6907, Wuhan . The white characters on the blue sign roughly translate to: "Secret/Classified Area, Do Not Enter Unless Invited."
Until the mid-1990s the PLA had extensive commercial enterprise holdings in non-military areas, particularly real estate . Almost all of these holdings were supposedly spun off in the mid-1990s. In most cases, the management of the companies remained unchanged, with the PLA officers running the companies simply retiring from the PLA to run the newly formed private holding companies.
The history of PLA involvement in commercial enterprises began in the 1950s and 1960s. Because of the socialist state-owned system and from a desire for military self-sufficiency, the PLA created a network of enterprises such as farms, guest houses, and factories intended to financially support its own needs. One unintended side effect of the Deng-era economic reforms was that many of these enterprises became very profitable. For example, a military guest house intended for soldier recreation could be easily converted into a profitable hotel for civilian use. There were two main factors which increased PLA commercial involvement in the 1990s. One was that running profitable companies decreased the need for the state to fund the military from the government budget . The second was that in an environment where legal rules were unclear and political connections were important, PLA influence was very useful. [ citation needed ]
By the early 1990s party officials and high military officials were becoming increasingly alarmed at the military's commercial involvement for a number of reasons. The military's involvement in commerce was seen to adversely affect military readiness and spread corruption. Further, there was great concern that having an independent source of funding would lead to decreased loyalty to the party. The result of this was an effort to spin off the PLA's commercial enterprises into private companies managed by former PLA officers, and to reform military procurement from a system in which the PLA directly controls its sources of supply to a contracting system more akin to those of Western countries. The separation of the PLA from its commercial interests was largely complete by the year 2000. It was met with very little resistance, as the spinoff was arranged in such a way that few lost out. [ citation needed ]

Peacekeeping Operations

The PLA has sent PLA personnel to various hotspots as part of the People's Republic of China's role as a senior member of the United Nations . Mostly engineers and logistical units, as well as Military Police and members of the paramilitary People's Armed Police have been sent to peacekeeping operations such as:

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